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Reading · A-level

A-level Philosophy

The reviewed Epistemology and Metaphysics of Mind set-text collection.

116 reviewed texts

Primary texts for A-level Philosophy.

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  1. Epistemology · George Berkeley · 1713Three Dialogues between Hylas and PhilonousPerception, idealism and the challenge to material substance.PDF
  2. Epistemology · René Descartes · 1641Meditations on First PhilosophyMeditations I, II, III, V and VI: doubt, certainty, God and the external world.PDF
  3. Epistemology · Edmund Gettier · 1963Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?The two cases that challenge justified true belief as a sufficient account of knowledge.PDF
  4. Epistemology · David Hume · 1748An Enquiry Concerning Human UnderstandingSections 2 and 4 (part 1): impressions, ideas and relations of ideas versus matters of fact.PDF
  5. Epistemology · G. W. Leibniz · 1705New Essays on Human UnderstandingThe Preface and Book I on innate ideas, principles and the mind.PDF
  6. Epistemology · John Locke · 1690An Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingBook I, Book II (especially Chapters 1, 2, 8 and 14), and Book IV (especially Chapter 11).PDF
  7. Epistemology · Plato · c. 380 BCEMenoFrom 81e: recollection, inquiry, true belief and knowledge.PDF
  8. Epistemology · Bertrand Russell · 1912The Problems of PhilosophyChapters 1 and 2: appearance, reality and the existence of matter.PDF
  9. Epistemology · Catharine Trotter Cockburn · 1732A Letter from an Anonymous Writer to the Author of the Minute PhilosopherThe appendix to Berkeley's Theory of Vision Vindicated and Explained on perception.PDF
  10. Epistemology · Linda Zagzebski · 1999What is Knowledge?The nature of definition and the analysis of propositional knowledge.WEB
  11. Metaphysics of Mind · Anita Avramides · 2001Other MindsChapter 2: ancient and modern scepticism and the problem of other minds.WEB
  12. Metaphysics of Mind · Ned Block · 1980Troubles with FunctionalismSections 1–2: objections to functionalism and the possibility of a functional duplicate without mentality.WEB
  13. Metaphysics of Mind · David Chalmers · 1996The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental TheoryChapter 1: phenomenal and psychological concepts of mind, consciousness and the mind–body problem.WEB
  14. Metaphysics of Mind · David Chalmers · 2003Consciousness and Its Place in NatureSections 2–3: the hard problem of consciousness and the case against reductive physicalism.PDF
  15. Metaphysics of Mind · Patricia S. Churchland · 2002Brain-WiseIntroduction, sections 1, 3 and 4, and Chapter 4, section 2: mind, brain science and the revision of familiar mental categories.WEB
  16. Metaphysics of Mind · Paul M. Churchland · 1981Eliminative Materialism and the Propositional AttitudesSection 2: why folk psychology might be a radically false theory of mental life.WEB
  17. Metaphysics of Mind · René Descartes · 1641Meditations on First PhilosophyMeditation VI: the real distinction between mind and body and the conceivability argument for substance dualism.PDF
  18. Metaphysics of Mind · Carl G. Hempel · 1949/2000The Logical Analysis of PsychologyThe behaviourist translation of psychological statements and the attempt to analyse mind in publicly testable terms.WEB
  19. Metaphysics of Mind · Frank Jackson · 1982Epiphenomenal QualiaThe knowledge argument, Mary's room and the claim that complete physical knowledge leaves out phenomenal facts.WEB
  20. Metaphysics of Mind · Hilary Putnam · 1975/1986The Nature of Mental StatesMachine-state functionalism, multiple realisability and the rejection of type-identity theory.PDF
  21. Metaphysics of Mind · Gilbert Ryle · 1949/2000The Concept of MindChapters 1, 2, 5 and 6: the category mistake in Cartesian dualism, dispositions, intellect and self-knowledge.WEB
  22. Metaphysics of Mind · Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia and René Descartes · 1643–1649/2007The Correspondence between Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia and René DescartesThe letters from May 1643: Elisabeth's challenge to causal interaction between an immaterial mind and a physical body.PDF
  23. Metaphysics of Mind · J. J. C. Smart · 1959Sensations and Brain ProcessesThe mind–brain identity theory, topic-neutral analysis and replies to objections against identifying sensations with brain processes.WEB
  24. Eerdmans · Alvin Plantinga · 1932–God, Freedom, and EvilThe free-will defence and a modal version of the ontological argument.William B. Eerdmans paperback edition, ISBN 9780802817310. · Publisher description, bibliographic record and purchase route.WEB
  25. Oxford Academic · Alvin Plantinga · 1932–The Nature of NecessityPossible worlds, modality, essence and the metaphysical framework behind several theistic arguments.Oxford Academic record for the Oxford University Press edition, with bibliographic details, contents and chapter abstracts. · Publisher record and chapter-level preview; complete access may require purchase or an institutional subscription.WEB
  26. Oxford Academic · Alvin Plantinga · 1932–Warranted Christian BeliefA model of how Christian belief could possess warrant if true.Oxford Academic record for the Oxford University Press edition, with bibliographic details, contents and chapter abstracts. · Publisher record and chapter-level preview; complete access may require purchase or an institutional subscription.WEB
  27. Oxford Academic · Alvin Plantinga · 1932–Warrant and Proper FunctionThe proper-function account of warrant and knowledge.Oxford Academic record for the Oxford University Press edition, with bibliographic details, contents and chapter abstracts. · Publisher record and chapter-level preview; complete access may require purchase or an institutional subscription.WEB
  28. WorldCat · G. E. M. Anscombe · 1919–2001IntentionThe landmark analysis of intentional action, practical knowledge and reasons.WorldCat record for the 2000 Harvard University Press paperback edition of Anscombe's 1957 monograph. · Bibliographic and library-location record only; availability depends on the holding library.WEB
  29. Cambridge Core · G. E. M. Anscombe · 1919–2001Modern Moral PhilosophyA critique of consequentialism, moral obligation and the state of moral psychology.Philosophy, volume 33, issue 124, January 1958. · Official Cambridge Core article page with full-text access where made available under the publisher's terms.WEB
  30. PhilArchive · G. E. M. Anscombe · 1919–2001War and MurderAn argument about intention, civilian killing and the moral corruption of consequentialist reasoning.Full-text copy of the essay first published in Nuclear Weapons: A Catholic Response (1961), supplied through the PhilPapers/PhilArchive research index. · Free full-text PDF; automated clients may encounter an anti-bot response, but the document is indexed and readable through the repository.WEB
  31. New Advent · Aquinas · c. 1225–1274Summa TheologiaeA systematic treatment of God, human action, law, virtue and Christian doctrine.English Dominican Province translation, second revised edition, 1920; online edition presented by New Advent. · Free article-by-article HTML text.WEB
  32. Christian Classics Ethereal Library · Aquinas · c. 1225–1274Summa Contra GentilesArguments concerning God, creation, providence and rationally accessible theology.Joseph Rickaby translation and annotations, published online under the title Of God and His Creatures. · Free readable HTML with PDF, EPUB and other download options supplied by CCEL.WEB
  33. Iowa Research Online · Aquinas · c. 1225–1274On Being and EssenceA concise metaphysical analysis of essence, existence and created being.University of Iowa repository record for Robert T. Miller's English translation in Selected Writings of St. Thomas Aquinas (Fordham University Press, 1997). · Institutional bibliographic record with an external open-access link; access to the linked text may depend on the destination site.WEB
  34. Project Gutenberg · George Berkeley · 1685–1753A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human KnowledgeThe principal statement of immaterialism.Project Gutenberg edition of Berkeley's English text. · Readable online with downloadable ebook formats from the catalogue page.WEB
  35. Project Gutenberg · George Berkeley · 1685–1753Three Dialogues between Hylas and PhilonousA staged defence of idealism against materialist objections.Original English text; Project Gutenberg catalogue edition. · Readable online with downloadable ebook formats from the catalogue page.WEB
  36. David Chalmers · Chalmers · 1966–The Conscious MindA systematic argument against reductive materialism and for a fundamental theory of consciousness.Author-maintained page for the 1996 Oxford University Press book, with contents and selected supporting material. · Official author page with bibliographic information and selected extracts or supporting material; not the complete book.WEB
  37. David Chalmers's author website · Chalmers · 1966–Consciousness and Its Place in NatureA map of materialist and anti-materialist positions on consciousness, including the route to naturalistic dualism.Author-hosted HTML of the chapter published in The Blackwell Guide to Philosophy of Mind, edited by Stephen Stich and Fritz Warfield, 2003. · Free full text hosted by the author.WEB
  38. David Chalmers · Chalmers · 1966–Facing Up to the Problem of ConsciousnessThe influential distinction between easy problems and the hard problem.Author-hosted version of the article published in Journal of Consciousness Studies 2(3), 1995. · Free full-text HTML with a PDF link on the author's official site.WEB
  39. David Chalmers · Chalmers · 1966–Constructing the WorldA defence of scrutability and a framework connecting epistemic and modal structure.Author-maintained page for the 2012 Oxford University Press book, with extended contents and selected manuscript material. · Official author page with bibliographic information and selected supporting material; not the complete book.WEB
  40. Early Modern Texts · René Descartes · 1596–1650Discourse on the MethodA concise account of intellectual method and the project of rebuilding knowledge.Jonathan Bennett adaptation into contemporary English, supplied from the Descartes author page. · Free PDF of the modern-English adaptation hosted by Early Modern Texts.WEB
  41. Early Modern Texts · René Descartes · 1596–1650Meditations on First PhilosophyDoubt, the cogito, God, mind, body and the external world.Jonathan Bennett adaptation into contemporary English; the author page provides the Meditations in web, PDF and ebook formats. · Free readable and downloadable modern-English adaptation.WEB
  42. Early Modern Texts · René Descartes · 1596–1650Principles of PhilosophyA systematic presentation of metaphysics and natural philosophy.Jonathan Bennett adaptation into contemporary English, supplied from the Descartes author page. · Free PDF of the modern-English adaptation hosted by Early Modern Texts.WEB
  43. Early Modern Texts · Elisabeth of Bohemia · 1618–1680The Correspondence between Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia and René DescartesLetters on mind-body interaction, emotion, virtue, freedom and political life.Jonathan Bennett adaptation into contemporary English; the author page lists the 1643–1649 correspondence. · Free readable and downloadable modern-English adaptation.WEB
  44. PhilPapers · Foot · 1920–2010The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of the Double EffectThe paper that introduces the trolley comparison while testing intention, side effects and duties not to harm.Oxford Review, number 5, 1967, pages 5–15; the repository PDF notes its later inclusion in Virtues and Vices and identifies minor stylistic amendments. · Direct full-text PDF from the PhilPapers archive.WEB
  45. Oxford Academic · Foot · 1920–2010Virtues and VicesEssays on virtue, moral reasons, abortion, euthanasia and the trolley comparison.Oxford Academic record for the second edition of the essay collection, published by Oxford University Press in 2002. · Publisher record, contents and chapter abstracts; complete access may require purchase or an institutional subscription.WEB
  46. Oxford Academic · Foot · 1920–2010Natural GoodnessA mature account connecting moral evaluation with life-form judgements.Oxford Academic record for the Oxford University Press monograph published in 2001. · Publisher record, contents and chapter abstracts; complete access may require purchase or an institutional subscription.WEB
  47. Oxford Academic · Foot · 1920–2010Moral BeliefsAn influential challenge to the view that moral judgements merely express attitudes.Official Oxford Academic chapter record for Moral Beliefs in the 2002 second edition of Virtues and Vices; first published in Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 59 (1959). · Publisher abstract and bibliographic record; complete access may require purchase or an institutional subscription.WEB
  48. JSTOR · Frankfurt · 1929–2023Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a PersonThe hierarchy of desires, personhood and freedom of the will.Stable journal record for The Journal of Philosophy 68(1), 14 January 1971, pages 5-20. · Bibliographic record and platform preview; complete access may require an account or institutional subscription.WEB
  49. JSTOR · Frankfurt · 1929–2023Alternate Possibilities and Moral ResponsibilityCounterexamples to the claim that responsibility requires the ability to do otherwise.The Journal of Philosophy, volume 66, number 23, 1969, pages 829–839. · Stable journal record; full-text access may depend on an institution or personal account.WEB
  50. Cambridge Core · Frankfurt · 1929–2023The Importance of What We Care AboutEssays on care, necessity, identification and the structure of agency.Official Cambridge Core chapter record for the title essay in The Importance of What We Care About (1988), pages 80-94. · Publisher abstract and bibliographic record; complete access may require purchase or an institutional subscription.WEB
  51. Oxford Academic · Fricker · 1966–Epistemic InjusticeThe foundational account of testimonial and hermeneutical injustice.Oxford University Press, 2007; print ISBN 9780198237907. · Publisher book record with online chapter access subject to subscription or purchase.WEB
  52. Wiley Online Library · Fricker · 1966–Epistemic Injustice and a Role for Virtue in the Politics of KnowingA concise statement of power, credibility and corrective epistemic virtue.Published on Wiley under the title Epistemic Justice and a Role for Virtue in the Politics of Knowing, Metaphilosophy 34 (1–2), 2003, pp. 154–173, DOI 10.1111/1467-9973.00266. · Official journal record with abstract and access options; the supplied work title is retained, but the publisher's title differs by Injustice/Justice.WEB
  53. Wiley Online Library · Fricker · 1966–What's the Point of Blame?An account of blame as a communicative and moral practice rather than mere hostile reaction.Published as What's the Point of Blame? A Paradigm Based Explanation, Noûs 50 (1), 2016, pp. 165–183; first published online 15 May 2014, DOI 10.1111/nous.12067. · Official journal record with abstract and access options; the supplied short title is retained for profile matching.WEB
  54. JSTOR · Goldman · 1938–2024A Causal Theory of KnowingAn early externalist proposal linking knowledge to an appropriate causal chain.The Journal of Philosophy 64 (12), 22 June 1967, pp. 357–372; stable JSTOR record 2024268. · Stable journal record with institutional or personal access options and any preview JSTOR makes available.WEB
  55. SpringerLink · Goldman · 1938–2024What Is Justified Belief?The paper that formulates process reliabilism as an account of epistemic justification.Chapter 1, pages 1–23, in George S. Pappas, editor, Justification and Knowledge, originally published 1979. · Official publisher abstract and chapter access; download may require an institution or purchase.WEB
  56. Google Books · Goldman · 1938–2024Epistemology and CognitionThe major development of process reliabilism and naturalistic epistemology.Harvard University Press, 1986, 437 pages; edition-specific Google Books bibliographic record. · Controlled Google Books record with bibliographic information, library and seller routes, and only the preview permitted for the user's region.WEB
  57. Oxford Academic · Goldman · 1938–2024Knowledge in a Social WorldA veritistic framework for evaluating testimony, institutions and public knowledge practices.Oxford University Press, published 14 January 1999; print ISBN 9780198238201, online ISBN 9780191597527, DOI 10.1093/0198238207.001.0001. · Official book record with abstract, contents and institutional access routes.WEB
  58. SUNY Press · Heidegger · 1889–1976Being and TimeDasein, worldhood, care, temporality, authenticity and the question of Being.English translation by Joan Stambaugh, revised by Dennis J. Schmidt; 2010 revised edition. · Publisher edition record and purchase route.WEB
  59. Google Books · Heidegger · 1889–1976The Question Concerning TechnologyTechnology as a mode of revealing that orders beings as standing reserve.In The Question Concerning Technology, and Other Essays, translated with an introduction by William Lovitt; Harper Collins reprint, 1982, pp. 3–35, ISBN 9780061319693. · Controlled Google Books preview of the publisher edition, with the essay identified in the contents; availability may vary by region.WEB
  60. Cambridge Core · Heidegger · 1889–1976Letter on HumanismA clarification of Being, humanism, language and the relation to existentialism.Letter on ‘Humanism’ (1946), translated by Frank A. Capuzzi, in Pathmarks, edited by William McNeill, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 239–276; book DOI 10.1017/CBO9780511812637. · Official book contents record identifies the essay and offers a publisher extract plus institutional access options.WEB
  61. Project Gutenberg · David Hume · 1711–1776An Enquiry Concerning Human UnderstandingCausation, induction, scepticism, freedom and testimony.Project Gutenberg transcription of an English public-domain edition; no translator is involved and the catalogue does not identify an editor. · Readable online with downloadable ebook formats from the catalogue page.WEB
  62. Project Gutenberg · David Hume · 1711–1776A Treatise of Human NatureA systematic science of human understanding, passion and morals.Original English text in a Project Gutenberg transcription; the catalogue does not identify a modern editor or translator. · Readable online with downloadable ebook formats from the catalogue page.WEB
  63. Project Gutenberg · David Hume · 1711–1776An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of MoralsUtility, sympathy and moral judgement.Project Gutenberg transcription of the 1912 reprint of Hume's 1777 edition; original English text. · Readable online with downloadable ebook formats from the catalogue page.WEB
  64. SpringerLink / Palgrave Macmillan · John Hick · 1922–2012Evil and the God of LoveThe major contrast between Augustinian and soul-making approaches to evil.Palgrave Macmillan electronic edition, 2010. · Publisher book record, preview and institutional or purchase access.WEB
  65. Springer Nature Link · John Hick · 1922–2012An Interpretation of ReligionThe pluralist hypothesis of culturally shaped responses to the transcendent Real.An Interpretation of Religion: Human Responses to the Transcendent, second edition, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004; ebook ISBN 9780230510678, DOI 10.1057/9780230510678. · Official book record with contents, chapter previews where offered, and institutional access options.WEB
  66. Wipf and Stock Publishers · John Hick · 1922–2012Faith and KnowledgeReligious experience, faith as interpretation and the epistemology of belief.Faith and Knowledge: A Modern Introduction to the Problem of Religious Knowledge, second edition; Wipf and Stock reissue, 2009, 278 pages, paperback ISBN 9781606086964. · Official publisher record with description and purchase routes; it is not a downloadable full text.WEB
  67. Google Books · Soren Kierkegaard · 1813–1855Either/OrPseudonymous presentations of aesthetic and ethical ways of living.Either/Or, Part I, translated and edited by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong, Kierkegaard's Writings III, Princeton University Press ebook edition, 2013, ISBN 9781400846931. · Controlled preview and bibliographic record for Part I only; this destination does not provide the complete two-part work.WEB
  68. Google Books · Soren Kierkegaard · 1813–1855Fear and TremblingFaith, sacrifice, ethical universality and the story of Abraham.Kierkegaard's Writings, volume VI; edited and translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. · Edition-specific bibliographic record and controlled preview; this is not represented as a downloadable full text.WEB
  69. Google Books · Soren Kierkegaard · 1813–1855The Sickness Unto DeathDespair and the self as a relation that must become rightly related to itself and its source.Translated and edited by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong, Kierkegaard's Writings XIX, Princeton University Press ebook edition, 2013, ISBN 9781400847020. · Controlled Google Books preview and edition record; readable extent may vary by region.WEB
  70. Penguin Books UK · Mackie · 1917–1981Ethics: Inventing Right and WrongThe systematic defence of moral error theory and scepticism about objective value.Penguin paperback edition, 1990, ISBN 9780140135589. · Publisher edition record and purchase route.WEB
  71. JSTOR · Mackie · 1917–1981Evil and OmnipotenceThe influential formulation of the logical problem of evil and criticism of free-will solutions.Mind 64 (254), April 1955, pp. 200–212; stable JSTOR record 2251467. · Stable journal record with institutional or personal access options and any preview JSTOR makes available.WEB
  72. Google Books · Mackie · 1917–1981The Miracle of TheismA critical examination of arguments for God and the rationality of religious belief.The Miracle of Theism: Arguments for and against the Existence of God, Clarendon Press, 1982, 268 pages, ISBN 9780198246824. · Controlled Google Books bibliographic record with the preview permitted for the user's region and library or seller routes.WEB
  73. Oxford Academic · Nagel · 1937–What Is It Like to Be a Bat?The classic argument that objective information may leave out the subjective character of experience.Oxford University Press 50th-anniversary book edition, 2024. · Publisher abstract and chapter access; full access may require purchase or subscription.WEB
  74. Open Library · Nagel · 1937–The View from NowhereAn exploration of the tension between personal standpoints and objective understanding.Work-level library catalogue record for The View from Nowhere; select a listed edition on the record. · Bibliographic record with edition, library-location, borrowing or preview links where available; this row is bibliographic or sample-only unless the selected edition states otherwise.WEB
  75. Open Library · Nagel · 1937–Mortal QuestionsEssays on death, absurdity, moral luck, consciousness and equality.Work-level library catalogue record for Mortal questions; select a listed edition on the record. · Bibliographic record with edition, library-location, borrowing or preview links where available; this row is bibliographic or sample-only unless the selected edition states otherwise.WEB
  76. Oxford Academic · Parfit · 1942–2017Reasons and PersonsPersonal identity, rationality, future generations and population ethics.Oxford University Press online edition; print ISBN 9780198249085. · Publisher record with online chapter access subject to purchase or subscription.WEB
  77. Open Library · Parfit · 1942–2017On What MattersA large-scale attempt to connect consequentialist, Kantian and contractualist moral reasoning.Work-level library catalogue record for On what matters; select a listed edition on the record. · Bibliographic record with edition, library-location, borrowing or preview links where available; this row is bibliographic or sample-only unless the selected edition states otherwise.WEB
  78. JSTOR · Parfit · 1942–2017Personal IdentityAn influential paper developing reductionism and psychological-continuity cases.The Philosophical Review, volume 80, number 1, January 1971, pages 3-27. · Stable journal record with institutional full-text access where available; bibliographic or preview-only otherwise.WEB
  79. Cambridge Core · Putnam · 1926–2016The Nature of Mental StatesThe multiple-realisability argument and an influential functionalist account of mind.Chapter in Philosophical Papers, Volume 2: Mind, Language and Reality, Cambridge University Press. · Official publisher chapter record; full access may require an institution or purchase.WEB
  80. Cambridge Core · Putnam · 1926–2016The Meaning of 'Meaning'Twin Earth and the externalist claim that meanings are not simply in the head.Chapter 12 in Philosophical Papers, volume 2: Mind, Language and Reality, Cambridge University Press; pages 215-271; DOI 10.1017/CBO9780511625251.014. · Official publisher chapter record with institutional access; bibliographic or sample-only without a subscription.WEB
  81. Open Library · Putnam · 1926–2016Reason, Truth and HistoryInternal realism, brains in vats and criticism of metaphysical realism.Work-level library catalogue record for Reason, truth, and history; select a listed edition on the record. · Bibliographic record with edition, library-location, borrowing or preview links where available; this row is bibliographic or sample-only unless the selected edition states otherwise.WEB
  82. Oxford Academic · Richard Swinburne · 1934–The Existence of GodThe cumulative probabilistic argument from world, consciousness, morality and religious experience.First edition, Oxford University Press, published 21 March 1991; print ISBN 9780198239635 and online ISBN 9780191598609. · Publisher book record and online chapter access subject to purchase or subscription.WEB
  83. Open Library · Richard Swinburne · 1934–The Coherence of TheismAn analysis of divine attributes and whether the concept of God is coherent.Work-level library catalogue record for The coherence of theism; select a listed edition on the record. · Bibliographic record with edition, library-location, borrowing or preview links where available; this row is bibliographic or sample-only unless the selected edition states otherwise.WEB
  84. Open Library · Richard Swinburne · 1934–Providence and the Problem of EvilFreedom, responsibility, natural evil and proposed goods that might justify divine permission of suffering.Work-level library catalogue record for Providence and the Problem of Evil; select a listed edition on the record. · Bibliographic record with edition, library-location, borrowing or preview links where available; this row is bibliographic or sample-only unless the selected edition states otherwise.WEB
  85. Open Library · Richard Swinburne · 1934–Mind, Brain, and Free WillA defence of substance dualism, personal identity and libertarian freedom.Work-level library catalogue record for Mind Brain and Free Will; select a listed edition on the record. · Bibliographic record with edition, library-location, borrowing or preview links where available; this row is bibliographic or sample-only unless the selected edition states otherwise.WEB
  86. Project Gutenberg · Bertrand Russell · 1872–1970The Problems of PhilosophyAppearance and reality, knowledge, universals and the value of philosophy.Original English text; Project Gutenberg catalogue edition. · Readable online with downloadable ebook formats from the catalogue page.WEB
  87. JSTOR · Bertrand Russell · 1872–1970On DenotingThe classic statement of the theory of descriptions.Mind, New Series, volume 14, number 56, October 1905, pages 479-493. · Stable journal record with institutional full-text access where available; bibliographic or preview-only otherwise.WEB
  88. Open Library · Bertrand Russell · 1872–1970Why I Am Not a ChristianPublic essays applying argument and criticism beyond technical philosophy.Work-level library catalogue record for Why I am not a Christian; select a listed edition on the record. · Bibliographic record with edition, library-location, borrowing or preview links where available; this row is bibliographic or sample-only unless the selected edition states otherwise.WEB
  89. Routledge · Ryle · 1900–1976The Concept of MindThe attack on Cartesian dualism and the analysis of mental concepts through conduct and dispositions.60th Anniversary Edition with commentary by Julia Tanney; Routledge eBook ISBN 9780203875858. · Publisher edition record and purchase or institutional-access route.WEB
  90. Open Library · Ryle · 1900–1976DilemmasStudies of philosophical conflicts produced by crossing different conceptual frameworks.Work-level library catalogue record for Dilemmas; select a listed edition on the record. · Bibliographic record with edition, library-location, borrowing or preview links where available; this row is bibliographic or sample-only unless the selected edition states otherwise.WEB
  91. JSTOR · Ryle · 1900–1976Knowing How and Knowing ThatAn influential distinction between intelligent performance and propositional knowledge.Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, New Series, volume 46, 1945-1946, pages 1-16. · Stable journal record with institutional full-text access where available; bibliographic or preview-only otherwise.WEB
  92. Open Library · Sartre · 1905–1980Being and NothingnessA phenomenological account of consciousness, freedom, bad faith and relations with others.Work-level library catalogue record for Being and Nothingness; select a listed edition on the record. · Bibliographic record with edition, library-location, borrowing or preview links where available; this row is bibliographic or sample-only unless the selected edition states otherwise.WEB
  93. Yale University Press · Sartre · 1905–1980Existentialism Is a HumanismA public defence of existential freedom, responsibility and value-making.English translation by Carol Macomber, with introduction by Annie Cohen-Solal and preface by Arlette Elkaïm-Sartre. · Publisher edition record, description and purchase route.WEB
  94. Open Library · Sartre · 1905–1980Critique of Dialectical ReasonAn attempt to connect existential agency with history, groups and material conditions.Work-level library catalogue record for Critique of Dialectical Reason; select a listed edition on the record. · Bibliographic record with edition, library-location, borrowing or preview links where available; this row is bibliographic or sample-only unless the selected edition states otherwise.WEB
  95. Cambridge Core · Searle · 1932–Minds, Brains, and ProgramsThe Chinese Room argument against strong artificial intelligence.Behavioral and Brain Sciences journal article, Cambridge University Press. · Official journal abstract and access route; full text may require an institution or purchase.WEB
  96. Open Library · Searle · 1932–IntentionalityA theory of how mental states are directed towards objects and conditions of satisfaction.Work-level library catalogue record for Intentionality; select a listed edition on the record. · Bibliographic record with edition, library-location, borrowing or preview links where available; this row is bibliographic or sample-only unless the selected edition states otherwise.WEB
  97. Open Library · Searle · 1932–The Rediscovery of the MindA defence of consciousness as an irreducible biological phenomenon.Work-level library catalogue record for The rediscovery of the mind; select a listed edition on the record. · Bibliographic record with edition, library-location, borrowing or preview links where available; this row is bibliographic or sample-only unless the selected edition states otherwise.WEB
  98. JSTOR · Smart · 1920–2012Sensations and Brain ProcessesThe classic statement of mind-brain identity theory and topic-neutral analysis.The Philosophical Review, volume 68, number 2, April 1959, pages 141–156. · Stable journal record; full-text access may depend on an institution or personal account.WEB
  99. Open Library · Smart · 1920–2012Philosophy and Scientific RealismA naturalistic metaphysics shaped by science, physicalism and parsimony.Work-level library catalogue record for Philosophy and Scientific Realism; select a listed edition on the record. · Bibliographic record with edition, library-location, borrowing or preview links where available; this row is bibliographic or sample-only unless the selected edition states otherwise.WEB
  100. Open Library · Smart · 1920–2012Utilitarianism: For and AgainstSmart's defence of act utilitarianism paired with Bernard Williams's criticism.Work-level library catalogue record for Utilitarianism; for and against; select a listed edition on the record. · Bibliographic record with edition, library-location, borrowing or preview links where available; this row is bibliographic or sample-only unless the selected edition states otherwise.WEB
  101. Open Library · Ernest Sosa · 1940–Knowledge in PerspectiveThe foundational development of virtue perspectivism in epistemology.Work-level library catalogue record for Knowledge in Perspective; select a listed edition on the record. · Bibliographic record with edition, library-location, borrowing or preview links where available; this row is bibliographic or sample-only unless the selected edition states otherwise.WEB
  102. Oxford Academic · Ernest Sosa · 1940–Apt Belief and Reflective KnowledgeA two-volume account of competence, aptness and reflective epistemic standing.A Virtue Epistemology: Apt Belief and Reflective Knowledge, volume I, Oxford University Press, 2007; print ISBN 9780199297023. · Official publisher book record with chapter access subject to purchase or subscription; bibliographic or sample-only otherwise.WEB
  103. Oxford Academic / Princeton Scholarship Online · Ernest Sosa · 1940–Knowing Full WellA concise account of knowing aptly and knowing from a reflective perspective on one's competence.Princeton University Press, 2011. · Publisher book record with online chapter access subject to purchase or subscription.WEB
  104. Open Library · Ernest Sosa · 1940–Judgment and AgencyJudgement as action and the role of epistemic competence in responsible belief.Work-level library catalogue record for Judgment and Agency; select a listed edition on the record. · Bibliographic record with edition, library-location, borrowing or preview links where available; this row is bibliographic or sample-only unless the selected edition states otherwise.WEB
  105. Project Gutenberg · Spinoza · 1632–1677EthicsThe geometrical presentation of substance, mind, affects, bondage and human freedom.English translation by R. H. M. Elwes. · Readable online with downloadable ebook formats from the catalogue page.WEB
  106. Early Modern Texts · Spinoza · 1632–1677Theological-Political TreatiseBiblical criticism, freedom of thought and the political conditions of peace.Jonathan Bennett adaptation into contemporary English, titled Treatise on Theology and Politics and first launched by the repository in August 2007. · Direct free reading PDF; use the repository copy rather than mirroring it.WEB
  107. Early Modern Texts · Spinoza · 1632–1677Political TreatiseAn unfinished realist analysis of political institutions and collective power.Jonathan Bennett adaptation into contemporary English of the Political Treatise, dated 1675 in the repository catalogue. · Direct free reading PDF; use the repository copy rather than mirroring it.WEB
  108. Wiley Online Library / London Mathematical Society · Turing · 1912–1954On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the EntscheidungsproblemThe paper introducing the machine model now central to computability theory.Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, series 2, volume 42, issue 1, 1937, pages 230-265; DOI 10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230. · Official journal record with full text subject to Wiley access terms.WEB
  109. Oxford Academic · Turing · 1912–1954Computing Machinery and IntelligenceThe imitation game, objections to machine intelligence and the possibility of learning machines.Mind, volume LIX, issue 236, October 1950, starting at page 433. · Official journal record with online article access subject to Oxford Academic terms.WEB
  110. The Turing Digital Archive, King's College Cambridge · Turing · 1912–1954Intelligent MachineryAn early report on machine learning, search and artificial intelligence.Turing's 1948 typescript report with autograph corrections, archive reference AMT/C/11. · Institutional catalogue record and digitised manuscript pages.WEB
  111. University of Michigan Library Digital Collections · William Paley · 1743–1805Natural TheologyThe argument from contrivance in organisms and nature to an intelligent creator.London: J. Faulder, 1809 edition, presented as digitised page images and searchable text. · Free full-text reading and page-image access.WEB
  112. Open Library · William Paley · 1743–1805The Principles of Moral and Political PhilosophyUtility, obligation, government, property and moral accountability.Work-level library catalogue record for The principles of moral and political philosophy; select a listed edition on the record. · Bibliographic record with edition, library-location, borrowing or preview links where available; this row is bibliographic or sample-only unless the selected edition states otherwise.WEB
  113. Open Library · William Paley · 1743–1805Horae PaulinaeAn argument for the historical credibility of Pauline letters from undesigned coincidences.Work-level library catalogue record for Horae Paulinae; select a listed edition on the record. · Bibliographic record with edition, library-location, borrowing or preview links where available; this row is bibliographic or sample-only unless the selected edition states otherwise.WEB
  114. Project Gutenberg · Wittgenstein · 1889–1951Tractatus Logico-PhilosophicusThe early picture theory of propositions and an attempt to mark the limits of meaningful language.English translation by C. K. Ogden. · Readable online with downloadable ebook formats from the catalogue page.WEB
  115. Open Library · Wittgenstein · 1889–1951Philosophical InvestigationsLanguage-games, rules, private language and philosophy as clarification.Work-level library catalogue record for Philosophical investigations; select a listed edition on the record. · Bibliographic record with edition, library-location, borrowing or preview links where available; this row is bibliographic or sample-only unless the selected edition states otherwise.WEB
  116. Open Library · Wittgenstein · 1889–1951On CertaintyNotes on hinge commitments, doubt and the background of inquiry.Work-level library catalogue record for On certainty =; select a listed edition on the record. · Bibliographic record with edition, library-location, borrowing or preview links where available; this row is bibliographic or sample-only unless the selected edition states otherwise.WEB
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